Flatland Castles, also known as Plains Castles, are built on lower elevation plains. They are not able to use elevation and mountains to their advantage to create natural defenses so they rely more on rivers, waterways and a complex network of trenches or water filled moats to protect the castle. In the Edo Period when provincial lords were limited to one castle, they often built a Flatland or Hilltop castle that could be used for both administration and defense. "Lake Castles" or "Ocean Castles", which sit on a large body of water and make extensive use of it in their defensive design, could be considered sub-categories of the Flatland Castle.
Flatland
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Kongouji Castle (Murakami Clan Fort Network)